Currents and Gain

	The action potential (AP), calcium transient (CaT) and select currents are shown for the most recent version of the LRd model published in 2000 by Faber and Rudy. I_Kr and I_Ks are the rapid and slow components of the delayed rectifier potassium currents respectively involved in membrane repolarization. I_Ca(L) is the L-type current carried by Ca²⁺ which participates in triggering calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, included in computation of gain. The gain measurement here is the ratio of the time integral of the flux through the ryanodine receptor channel (RyR) and the L-type channel. Results show steady state behavior at a pacing cycle length of 400 ms. We typically define steady-state when state variables vary by less than 1% with additional pacing.
	Simulated LRd I_Ca(L) subject to the 40 mV AP-clamp waveform from Linz and Meyer 1998. I_Ca(L) has an amplitude that is less than 3 uA/uF during the entire plateau. Compare with Fig. 3 from Linz and Meyer.

LRD Model	Experiment

CaT from Choi and Salama 2000 (their Fig. 3) and simulated by the LRd model. In both experiment and LRd simulation, CaT decays slowly, extending beyond the AP.

	Major ionic currents during the AP. Shown are the AP (repeated at the top of both columns for reference), the CaT, and selected ionic currents that determine the AP morphology. I_Na is shown on an expanded time scale (inset). The LRd model has reached a steady-state (beat to beat changes in all measures are less than 1%) during pacing at a constant basic cycle length (BCL) of 1,000 ms.

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Action Potential and Ca²⁺ Transient

The LRd simulated action potential and calcium transient are shown above, and measurements by Beuckelman and Wier are shown below. The simulation was performed at 37 degrees Celsius and the experiments were at room temperature. Time scales are adjusted so that results at the different temperatures correspond. Notice that not only morphology, but also magnitudes are accurately reproduced in the simulation.

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